Rats (Rattus spp.) are highly adaptable, small mammals known for their intelligence, reproductive efficiency, and ability to thrive in a variety of environments. They are omnivorous and can survive on a diverse diet, making them successful in both urban and rural settings. Though often considered pests, they also play roles in scientific research and ecosystem dynamics.

Data:

  • Habitat:

    • Temperature: Ideal: 18-24°C (64-75°F); Range: 0°C to 35°C (32°F to 95°F) with shelter.
    • Pressure: 101.3 kPa (1 atm); can adapt to variable altitudes.
    • Humidity: 40-70% optimal; can survive in drier or more humid environments.
    • Oxygen: Standard atmospheric levels (19.5-23.5%).
    • CO2: Tolerable up to 0.1%; higher levels can cause respiratory issues.
    • Light: Nocturnal vision adapted to low light; daylight tolerance with shelter.

  • Nutrition:

    • Water: 15-30 ml/day.
    • Calories: 50-100 kcal/day depending on size and activity level.
    • Macronutrients:
      • Carbohydrates: Grains, fruits, and plant matter.
      • Proteins: Insects, small animals, and plant-based sources.
      • Fats: From seeds, nuts, and animal sources.
    • Vitamins: B complex (metabolism), C (immune support).
    • Minerals: Calcium (bone health), Iron (oxygen transport).

  • Production:

    • CO2: Approx. 0.02-0.05 kg/day.
    • Waste: 5-10 grams of feces/day; 10-20 ml of urine/day.
    • Heat: Moderate body heat; self-regulate through activity and burrowing.
    • Sweat: Minimal; rely on tail heat exchange for temperature regulation.

  • Reproduction:

    • Method: Sexual; live birth.
    • Gestation: Approximately 21-24 days.
    • Cycle: Females come into heat every 4-5 days.
    • Offspring: Litters typically range from 6-12 pups.
    • Care: Pups are weaned around 3-4 weeks.

  • Sleep/Rest:

    • Cycle: 12-15 hours/day; short intervals throughout the day and night.
    • Active Period: Nocturnal; most active during night hours.

  • Lifespan: 2-3 years; longer in captivity with proper care.

  • Growth:

    • Maturity: Reaches maturity around 6 weeks.
    • Size: Adult weight: 150-300 grams; length: 15-25 cm (excluding tail).

  • Uses:

    • For Humans: Scientific research, pest control (prey for other animals).
    • Ecosystem: Seed dispersers, prey for predators, contribute to soil aeration.

  • Special Traits:

    • Adaptability: Thrive in urban, suburban, and rural environments.
    • Intelligence: Capable of problem-solving, learning complex tasks.
    • Reproductive Rate: High reproductive efficiency; can breed year-round.
    • Nocturnal Activity: Active primarily at night; keen sense of smell and hearing.
    • Burrowing Ability: Build complex burrows for shelter and storage.
    • Social Structure: Often live in colonies; display social behaviors and hierarchy.